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Inclusion Criteria:

Group 1 (IBS-C)

* ≥18 years old
* Decrease of frequency of bowel movement (\<3 time per week), change of stool consistency (stool that is hard and difficult to pass, Bristol Types 1 to 3), or other 'constipation symptoms' judged by investigators.
* With abdominal symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and abdominal discomfort, or other 'constipation symptoms' judged by investigators.
* Result of ROME VI marked as 'IBS-C'.

Group 2 (non-IBS-C)

* ≥18 years old
* Decrease of frequency of bowel movement (\<3 time per week), change of stool consistency (stool that is hard and difficult to pass, Bristol Types 1 to 3), or other 'constipation symptoms' judged by investigators.
* With abdominal symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and abdominal discomfort, or other 'constipation symptoms' judged by investigators.
* Result of ROME VI marked as 'Non IBS-C'.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Individuals with a cognitive condition and unable to finish the questionnaire.
* Individuals have an acute or chronic non-GI condition that can be associated with constipation; e.g., central nervous system cause (Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injury, and multiple sclerosis), pseudo-obstruction, colonic inertia, megacolon, megarectum, bowel obstruction, descending perineum syndrome, solitary rectal ulcer syndrome, systemic sclerosis.
* Individuals who had been diagnosed with the following organic health problems likely to affect GI symptoms:

  * Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis)
  * cancer anywhere in the GI tract or current infection of the GI tract.
  * Pelvic floor dysfunction. (i.e., disease that is not adequately treated or stable with therapy.)
  * Any history of colon surgeries.
* Individuals who participate in any interventional study currently.
* Not suitable for the study judged by investigators.

• Beijing, China
• Guangzhou, China
• Guangzhou, China
• Nanchang, China
• Nanjing, China
• Shanghai, China
• Shenyang, China
• Wenzhou, China
• Wuhan, China
• Zhengzhou, China